Wide-temperature-range sodium-metal batteries: from fundamentals and obstacles to optimization
Literature Information
Yu Sun, Jing-Chang Li, Haoshen Zhou
Sodium metal with a high theoretical specific capacity (ā¼1166 mA h gā1) and low redox potential (ā2.71 V) shows tremendous application prospects in sodium-metal batteries (SMBs). However, studies of SMBs in extreme environments, especially at low temperature (LT) and high temperature (HT), have not received enough emphasis, and few reviews have summarize them. More seriously, some mechanistic issues, such as nucleation and deposition behavior, dendrite growth, interfacial chemistry and an unstable solid electrolyte interface (SEI), are perplexing. Herein, we start with the operation fundamentals of SMBs, simultaneously point out the obstacles faced by SMBs in different environments and propose various targeted optimization strategies, including construction of a three-dimensional (3D) framework, design of an artificial SEI and optimization of the liquid (solid-state) electrolyte/metal anode interface. Each strategy starts with carefully selected cases and then moves to illustrate the nucleation and deposition behavior of Na+ in the structure. Finally, we point out challenges, strategies and outlooks for the future practical applications of wide-temperature-range SMBs. Overall, this review provides a design guide for SMBs with high energy density, long lifespan, low-cost and high security, and could inspire more researchers to focus on the mechanism of batteries in extreme environments.
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Energy & Environmental Science
Energy & Environmental Science is an international journal dedicated to publishing exceptionally important and high quality, agenda-setting research tackling the key global and societal challenges of ensuring the provision of energy and protecting our environment for the future. The scope is intentionally broad and the journal recognises the complexity of issues and challenges relating to energy conversion and storage, alternative fuel technologies and environmental science. For work to be published it must be linked to the energy-environment nexus and be of significant general interest to our community-spanning readership. All scales of studies and analysis, from impactful fundamental advances, to interdisciplinary research across the (bio)chemical, (bio/geo)physical sciences and chemical engineering disciplines are welcomed. Topics include, but are not limited to, the following: Solar energy conversion and photovoltaics Solar fuels and artificial photosynthesis Fuel cells Hydrogen storage and (bio) hydrogen production Materials for energy systems Capture, storage and fate of CO2, including chemicals and fuels from CO2 Catalysis for a variety of feedstocks (for example, oil, gas, coal, biomass and synthesis gas) Biofuels and biorefineries Materials in extreme environments Environmental impacts of energy technologies Global atmospheric chemistry and climate change as related to energy systems Water-energy nexus Energy systems and networks Globally applicable principles of energy policy and techno-economics
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