Cyanophycin and its biosynthesis: not hot but very cool

Covering: 1878 to early 2023 Cyanophycin is a biopolymer consisting of a poly-aspartate backbone with arginines linked to each Asp sidechain through isopeptide bonds. Cyanophycin is made by cyanophycin synthetase 1 or 2 through ATP-dependent polymerization of Asp and Arg, or β-Asp-Arg, respectively. It is degraded into dipeptides by exo-cyanophycinases, and these dipeptides are hydrolyzed into free amino acids by general or dedicated isodipeptidase enzymes. When synthesized, chains of cyanophycin coalesce into large, inert, membrane-less granules. Although discovered in cyanobacteria, cyanophycin is made by species throughout the bacterial kingdom, and cyanophycin metabolism provides advantages for toxic bloom forming algae and some human pathogens. Some bacteria have developed dedicated schemes for cyanophycin accumulation and use, which include fine temporal and spatial regulation. Cyanophycin has also been heterologously produced in a variety of host organisms to a remarkable level, over 50% of the host's dry mass, and has potential for a variety of green industrial applications. In this review, we summarize the progression of cyanophycin research, with an emphasis on recent structural studies of enzymes in the cyanophycin biosynthetic pathway. These include several unexpected revelations that show cyanophycin synthetase to be a very cool, multi-functional macromolecular machine.